(06/21/2023) #64.1: The Rupture in the Fabric of Reality Model of Human Cognition. We continue to assess our future evolutionary prospects, this time picking up the story of the human journey where Homo sapiens emerges. Anatomically modern humans have existed for ~300 thousand years, but modern behavior is only evident starting ~100 thousand years ago. We examine this evolutionary process by describing humanity's unique capacities as an intensification of traits we share with other animals. We look at the ritual behavior of chimpanzees, the symbolic world of Neanderthals, and the increasingly elaborate sequences of abstraction that characterize human thought. We examine how for millennia human societies developed and lost traits repeatedly, in regional cycles of cultural growth and collapse, until 100 thousand years ago ... something happened.
#64.2: Integration across Landscapes and Brain Regions. We continue the story of humanity's journey to modern thought and behavior, examining how a mosaic of both cultural and anatomical traits existed throughout Africa for ~200 thousand years. Then, this patchwork of cultures and anatomies fused, a process of integration that is also reflected in increasing brain connectivity. We see how isolated populations lose traits, but connected ones generate feedback loops of characteristically human tendencies: tolerance, social comprehension, communication, behavioral flexibility, and mobility all encourage one another. We also introduce the notion of the vocabulary of temperaments, the features such as neurotransmitters and brain regions shared by complex animal life, giving us a common language of rapid, novel responsiveness to environmental conditions, henceforth official Fight Like An Animal nomenclature.
#64.3: Your Body Is a Map of the Sky. We examine the neurobiological changes that brought archaic Homo sapiens into behavioral modernity, despite negligible changes in brain size. We see how complex symbolic capacities are embedded in anatomy and behavior, and describe the human brain's progressive change to a more globular shape, the increase in our neural density, and the expansion of the parietal lobe, a part of the brain relentlessly dedicated to integration. We see how we conceptualize social interactions, tools, and environments by projecting our own bodies externally, blurring the ostensible boundary between world and self. Finally, we examine the putative mythologies and rituals of ancient African peoples, reconstructed from contemporary hunter-gatherers, with their emphasis on fusions of identity and flows of power between social categories.
Bibliography for episodes 64.1-3:
Allik, Jüri & McCrae, Robert. (2004). Toward a geography of personality traits. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 35. 13-28. 10.1177/0022022103260382.
Archer W. 2021 Carrying capacity, population density and the later Pleistocene expression of backed artefact manufacturing traditions in Africa. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 376: 20190716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0716
Arueti, M., et al. (2013) When two become one: The role of oxytocin in interpersonal coordination and cooperation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 25(9):1418-1427.
Berger, L. R., et al. (2023) 241,000 to 335,000 Years Old Rock Engravings Made by Homo naledi in the Rising Star Cave system, South Africa. BioRxiv 2023.06.01.543133 doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.06.01.543133
Boesch, C. (2009) The Real Chimpanzee: Sex Strategies in the Forest. Cambridge University Press.
Bradshaw, G. A. (2009) Elephants on the Edge: What Elephants Teach Us About Humanity. Yale University Press.
Brooks, J., & Yamamoto, S. (2021). The founder sociality hypothesis. Ecology and Evolution, 11, 14392–14404. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8143
Brown L. L., Acevedo, B., and Fisher, H. E. (2013) Neural correlates of four broad temperament dimensions: Testing predictions for a novel construct of personality. PLoS ONE 8(11): e78734. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.007873
Bruner, E., et al. (2016) Evidence for expansion of the precuneus in human evolution. Brain Structure and Function doi:10.1007/s00429-015-1172-y
Bruner E and Gleeson BT (2019) Body Cognition and Self-Domestication in Human Evolution. Front. Psychol. 10:1111. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01111
Bruner, E. (2021). Evolving Human Brains: Paleoneurology and the fate of middle Pleistocene. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 28(1), 76–94. doi:10.1007/s10816-020-09500-8
Caceres, M., Lachuer, J., Zapala, M. A., Redmond, J. C., Kudo, L., Geschwind, D. H., Lockhart, D. J., Preuss, T. M. & Barlow, C. (2003) Elevated gene expression levels distinguish human from non-human primate brains. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100:13030–5.
Cairns, J., Overbaugh, J. & Miller, S. The origin of mutants. Nature 335, 142–145 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1038/335142a0
Chabris, C. F., Lee, J. J., Cesarini, D., Benjamin, D. J., & Laibson, D. I. (2015) The fourth law of behavior genetics. Current Directions in Psychological Science 24(4):304–312. doi:10.1177/0963721415580430
De Waal, F. (2022) Different: Gender through the Eyes of a Primatologist. W. W. Norton & Co.
D’ Errico, F., Banks, W. E., Warren, D. L., Sgubin, G., van Niekerk, K., Henshilwood, C., & Sánchez Goñi, M. F. (2017). Identifying early modern human ecological niche expansions and associated cultural dynamics in the South African Middle Stone Age. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(30), 7869–7876. doi:10.1073/pnas.1620752114
Dingemanse, N. J. (2010) Behavioural reaction norms: animal personality meets individual plasticity. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 25(2):81-89
Dunbar, R. I. M. (1992) Neocortex size as a constraint on group size in primates. Journal of Human Evolution 20:469-93.
Edgerton, R. B. (1992) Sick Societies: Challenging the Myth of Primitive Harmony. The Free Press.
Frayer, D. W., Radovčić, J., & Radovčić, D. (2020). Krapina and the Case for Neandertal Symbolic Behavior. Current Anthropology, 000–000. doi:10.1086/712088
Fogarty L, Creanza N. 2017 The niche construction of cultural complexity: interactions between innovations, population size and the environment. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 372: 20160428.
Fuentes, A., et al. (2023) Burials and engravings in a small-brained hominin, Homo naledi, from the late Pleistocene: contexts and evolutionary implications bioRxiv 2023.06.01.543135 doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.06.01.543135
Goodall, J. (1986) Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior. Harvard University Press.
Gosling, S. D. & John, O. P. (1999) Personality dimensions in nonhuman animals: A cross-species review. Current Directions in Psychological Science 8(3):69-75.
Hare, B. (2011) From hominoid to hominid mind: What changed and why? Annual Review of Anthropology 40:293-309.
Hare, B., Wobber, V., & Wrangham, R. (2012) The self-domestication hypothesis: evolution of bonobo psychology is due to selection against aggression. Animal Behaviour 83:573-85.
Hare, B., Melis, A., Woods, V., Hastings, S. & Wrangham, R. (2007) Tolerance allows bonobos to outperform chimpanzees on a cooperative task. Current Biology 17:619–23.
Hare, B. & Woods, V. (2020) Survival of the Friendliest: Understanding our Origins and Rediscovering Our Common Humanity. Penguin Random House.
Harvati K, Stringer C, Gru ̈n R, Aubert M, Allsworth-Jones P, et al. (2011) The later stone age Calvaria from Iwo Eleru, Nigeria: Morphology and chronology. PLoS ONE 6(9): e24024. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024024
Henrich, J. (2004) Demography and cultural evolution: How adaptive cultural processes can produce maladaptive losses: The Tasmanian case. American Antiquity, 69(2), 2004, pp. 197-214
Hibbing, J. R., Smith, K. B., & Alford, J. R. (2014) Differences in negativity bias underlie variations in political ideology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 37:297–307.
Hrdy, S. B. (2006) Comes the child before man: How cooperative breeding and prolonged postweaning dependence shaped human potential. In: Hewlett, B. S., & Lamb, M. E., eds. Hunter-Gatherer Childhoods: Evolutionary, Developmental, and Cultural Perspectives. Aldine Transaction.
Hrdy, S. B. (2009) Mothers and Others: The Evolutionary Origins of Mutual Understanding. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Hublin J-J, Neubauer S, Gunz P. 2015 Brain ontogeny and life history in Pleistocene hominins. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 370: 20140062.
Ioannidis, A.G., Blanco-Portillo, J., Sandoval, K. et al. Native American gene flow into Polynesia predating Easter Island settlement. Nature 583, 572–577 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2487-2
Isler, K., & van Schaik, C. P. (2012). How Our Ancestors Broke through the Gray Ceiling. Current Anthropology, 53(S6), S453–S465. Doi:10.1086/667623
Jaubert, J., Verheyden, S., Genty, D., Soulier, M., Cheng, H., Blamart, D., & Santos, F. (2016). Early Neanderthal constructions deep in Bruniquel Cave in southwestern France. Nature, 534(7605), 111–114. doi:10.1038/nature18291
Jost, J. T., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A. W. & Sulloway, F. J. (2003) Political conservatism as motivated social cognition. Psychological Bulletin 129:339–75.
Khaitovich, P. (2007). Brain expression—is it all in our SNPs? Molecular Systems Biology, 3. doi:10.1038/msb4100199
Khaitovich, P., Enard, W., Lachmann, M., & Pääbo, S. (2006). Evolution of primate gene expression. Nature Reviews Genetics, 7(9), 693–702. doi:10.1038/nrg1940
Knight, C., Power, C., & Watts, I. (1995). The Human Symbolic Revolution: A Darwinian Account. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 5(1), 75-114. doi:10.1017/S0959774300001190
Kühl, H., Kalan, A., Arandjelovic, M. et al. Chimpanzee accumulative stone throwing. Sci Rep 6, 22219 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep22219
Kühl, H. S., Boesch, C., Kulik, L., Haas, F., Arandjelovic, M., Dieguez, P., & Angedakin, S. (2019). Human impact erodes chimpanzee behavioral diversity. Science, 363(6434), 1453–1455. doi:10.1126/science.aau4532
Kuzawa, C. W., et al. (2014) Metabolic costs and evolutionary implications of human brain development. PNAS doi: 10.1073/pnas.1323099111
LaBounty, J., Bosse, L., Savicki, S., King, J., & Eisenstat, S. (2016). Relationship between social cognition and temperament in preschool-aged children. Infant and Child Development, 26(2), e1981. doi:10.1002/icd.1981
Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. (2003) Metaphors We Live By. University of Chicago Press.
Lee, R. (1984) The Dobe !Kung. Holt Rinehart and Winston.
Logan, C. J., Avin, S., Boogert, N., Buskell, A., Cross, F. R., Currie, A., Jelbert, S., Lukas, D., Mares, R., Navarrete, A. F., Shigeno, S., & Montgomery, S. H. (2018). Beyond brain size: Uncovering the neural correlates of behavioral and cognitive specialization. Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews, 13, 55–89. https://doi.org/10.3819/CCBR.2018.130008
Lorenz, K. (1950) Part and parcel in animal and human societies: A methodological discussion. In: Lorenz, K. (1971) Studies in Animal and Human Behavior vol. II. Harvard University Press.
Lorenz, K. Z. (1966). Evolution of Ritualization in the Biological and Cultural Spheres. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 251(772), 273–284. doi:10.1098/rstb.1966.0011
Marlow, F. (2010) The Hadza: Hunter-Gatherers of Tanzania. University of California Press.
Martin, P. S. (2007) Twilight of the Mammoths: Ice Age Extinctions and the Rewilding of America. University of California Press.
Mcbrearty, S., & Brooks, A. S. (2000). The revolution that wasn’t: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior. Journal of Human Evolution, 39(5), 453–563. doi:10.1006/jhev.2000.0435
McFadden, J. (2000) Quanum Evolution: The New Science of Life. W. W. Norton and Co.
Miller, J.M., Wang, Y.V. Ostrich eggshell beads reveal 50,000-year-old social network in Africa. Nature 601, 234–239 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04227-2
Montgomery, S. H. (2017). Evolution of large brain and body size in mammals. Evolution of Nervous Systems, 103–136. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804042-3.00034-8
Nettle, D. (2006). Schizotypy and mental health amongst poets, visual artists, and mathematicians. Journal of Research in Personality, 40(6), 876–890. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.09.004
Neubaur, S., Hublin, J. J., & Gunz, P. (2018) The evolution of modern human brain shape. Science Advances 4(1) DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao5961
Pinker, S. (1994) The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language. William Morrow and Co.
Powell, A., et al. (2009) Late Pleistocene Demography and the Appearance of Modern Human Behavior. Science 324, 1298 DOI: 10.1126/science.1170165
Power, C. (in press 2017). Reconstructing a source cosmology for African Hunter-gatherers. In C. Power, M. Finnegan and H. Callan (eds) Human Origins. Contributions from social anthropology. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Press, pp.180-203.
Power, C. (2015). Hadza gender rituals – epeme and maitoko – considered as counterparts. Hunter Gatherer Research, 1(3), 333–358. doi:10.3828/hgr.2015.18
Ragsdale, A.P., Weaver, T.D., Atkinson, E.G., et al. (2023) A weakly structured stem for human origins in Africa. Nature 617, 755–763. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06055-y
Roberts, P., & Stewart, B. A. (2018). Defining the “generalist specialist” niche for Pleistocene Homo sapiens. Nature Human Behaviour, 2(8), 542–550. doi:10.1038/s41562-018-0394-4
Sapolsky, R. M. & Share, L. J. (2004) A Pacific Culture among wild baboons: Its emergence and transmission.PLoS Biology 2(4):0534-41. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020106
Scerri, E.M.L., Chikhi, L. & Thomas, M.G. Beyond multiregional and simple out-of-Africa models of human evolution. Nat Ecol Evol 3, 1370–1372 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0992-1
Scerri, E. M. L. & Will, M. (2023) The revolution that still isn't: The origins of behavioral complexity in Homo sapiens. Journal of Human Evolution 179, 103358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103358
Schroder, A. G. (2022) The Biology of the Left-Right Divide. Fight Like An Animal. https://www.againsttheinternet.com/post/the-biology-of-the-left-right-divide
Scott, J. C. (2009) The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Southeast Asia. Yale University Press.
Somel, M., Franz, H., Yan, Z., Lorenc, A., Guo, S., Giger, T., Kelso, J., Nickel, B., Dannemann, M. & Bahn, S. (2009) Transcriptional neoteny in the human brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 106:5743-8.
Somel, M., Liu, X. & Khaitovich, P. Human brain evolution: transcripts, metabolites and their regulators. Nat Rev Neurosci 14, 112–127 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3372
Sykes, R. W. (2020) Kindred: Neanderthal Life, Love, Death, and Art. Bloomsbury Sigma.
Theofanopoulou, C., Gastaldon, S., O’Rourke, T., Samuels, B. D., Messner, A., Martins, P. T., Boeckx, C. (2017). Self-domestication in Homo sapiens: Insights from comparative genomics. PLOS ONE, 12(10), e0185306. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185306
Thompson, J. C., Wright, D. K., Ivory, S. J., Choi, J.-H., Nightingale, S., Mackay, A., & Gomani-Chindebvu, E. (2021). Early human impacts and ecosystem reorganization in southern-central Africa. Science Advances, 7(19). doi:10.1126/sciadv.abf9776
Tishkoff, S. A., et al. (2007) History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation, Molecular Biology and Evolution 24(10):2180–2195. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msm155
Trut, L. N., Plyusnina, I. Z. & Oskina, I. N. (2004) An experiment on fox domestication and debatable issues of evolution of the dog. Russian Journal of Genetics 40(6):644–55.
Wadley, L. (2021). What Stimulated Rapid, Cumulative Innovation After 100,000 Years Ago? Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 28(1), 120–141. doi:10.1007/s10816-020-09499-y
Wang K, Mathieson I, O’Connell J, Schiffels S (2020) Tracking human population structure through time from whole genome sequences. PLoS Genet 16(3): e1008552. https:// doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1008552
Wellman, H. M., Lane, J. D., LaBounty, J., & Olson, S. L. (2011). Observant, nonaggressive temperament predicts theory-of-mind development. Developmental Science, 14(2), 319–326. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.00977.x
West Eberhard, M. J. (2003) Developmental Plasticity and Evolution. Oxford University Press.
Wides, A. & Milo, R. Understanding the Dynamics and Optimizing the Performance of Chemostat Selection Experiments. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1806.00272.pdf
Wilkins, A. S., Wrangham, R. W., & Fitch, W. T. (2014). The “domestication syndrome” in mammals: A unified explanation based on neural crest cell behavior and genetics. Genetics, 197(3), 795–808. doi:10.1534/genetics.114.165423
Woodburn, J. (1983) Egalitarian societies. Man 17(3):431-451.
Wrangham, R. W. (2009) Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human. Basic Books.
Wrangham, R. W. (2017) Two types of aggression in human evolution. PNAS 115(2):245-253. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1713611115
Wrangham, R. W. (2019). Hypotheses for the evolution of reduced reactive aggression in the context of human self-domestication. Frontiers in Psychology 10. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01914
Wrangham, R. W. (2021) Targeted conspiratorial killing, human self-domestication and the evolution of groupishness. Evolutionary Human Sciences 3, e26, DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2021.20
Zollikofer, P. E., et al. (2022) Endocranial ontogeny and evolution in early Homo sapiens: The evidence from Herto, Ethiopia. PNAS 119 (32) e2123553119 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2123553119
コメント